Yazd Fire Temple

 

Aren’t you interested in seeing the sanctified fire that nearly belonged to two thousand years ago? If you are eager to experience this holy adventure, the Yazd Fire Temple in the legendary city of Yazd awaits you. Yazd is a religious city and hosts several different holy places, especially grand mosques and Zoroastrian temples including the famous holy Fire Temple that belongs to antiquity. Reflecting the civilized culture of ancient Iran, the Yazd Fire Temple has been attracting millions of national and international tourists so far. This holy place is known as Atashkadeh-e-Yazd or Atash Behram of Yazd. This building is 21 meters in height and has a beautiful pond in front of the entrance door in the core part of the front yard. This very type of architecture is a necessary part of the style in every old fire temple. Around the building, there are lovely fruit trees that have created a pleasing shade for the visitors.

On top of the front roof, there is a jagged curve with a big wall engraving of the Zoroastrian winged deity of Ahura Mazda that is called ‘Farvahar’ in Persian culture. This jagged-modeled construction of the Yazd Fire Temple is the typical symbol of the Achaemenid building design. It is worth mentioning that this holy place is the main Zoroastrian temple in Iran where the Zoroastrians perform their religious practices close to its holy fire. Historically speaking, the date that the construction of the building was finalized was 1934, and that is reflected in the shrine’s inscription. The building was funded by the Association of Parsi Zoroastrians of India and Master Jamshid Amanat was the supervisor of its building project.

Although the building itself is relatively modern, the fire that is in the building belongs to the antique time. The fire dates back to 470 AD, during the Sassanid dynasty in Iran. During that time, the fire was kept in another temple called Pars Karyan which was located in the southern part of Larestan, in its Pars district. Again, the fire moved to Aqda and remained there for the next 700 years to be shifted to another temple in 1173 that was called Nahid-e Pars in the vicinity of Ardakan. After the passage of 300 years, the holy fire was finally moved to the lodging place of the revered Zoroastrian priest in Yazd. Years later, the present building was specially constructed for it in 1934 as Yazd Fire Temple.

It is so amazing that the fire nearly occurred 2,000 years ago. This means that the fire has been burning from 470 AD till now. It sounds very surprising that from that time onward, the fire has been continuously burning by the devoted protection of the faithful Magi. The fact that they have been loyally keeping the fire without letting it fail sounds admirable. Although seeing this holy fire is so spectacular, no ordinary visitor is allowed to enter the fire altar. Only Zoroastrians can enter the sanctuary. The good news is that the visitors can see that amazing fire behind the glass and look at the Behram Fire burning lively in the big bronze vase as much as they want and become amazed by its ancient majesty. Although it is so specific, it is not just one and the only in its type. There are universally nine Behram or “vanquishing fire”. The eight triumphant fires are kept in India. The reason why these holy fires are considered unique is that they have been thought to be sacred by many different authentic sources.  

From Yazd Airport, it is about six kilometers to Ayatollah Kashani Avenue where the fire temple is located. From this point on, you can also access other interesting tourist spots like Markar Clock Tower, Dowlat Abad Garden, and Amir Chakhmaq Complex, since you are already in the core of Yazd’s historical area. The external building facade of the Fire Temple is symbolically representative of the spirit of Zoroastrianism not just in its use of the colors deemed as holy and heavenly but also in the usage of Zoroastrian ethical adages.

These proverbs are pious speech, pious behavior, and pious deeds inscribed on azure blue tiles surrounding the statue of Ahura Mazda. The white stone columns look different from other ancient arches as their heads surprisingly look like sacred fire urns. The fact that the building is a combination of natural bricks and white plaster is again reminiscent of the Zoroastrian spirit of purity and decency. The serenity of the front pool with its greenish-blue water and the reflection of the white columns of the veranda also symbolizes the peace of Zoroastrian beliefs.  

After visiting the Yazd Fire Temple, tourists can enjoy the delicious tastes of the great Yazd restaurants that generously offer visitors both local and national delicious Persian foods. Among those restaurants, one can proudly mention Shater Abbas, Sahel, and Shaghayegh restaurants. More importantly, to stay somewhere near the temple, whether before or after the visit, the tourists can especially use traditional hotels that would give them an unforgettable experience of living a Traditional life. Some traditional-style hotels are three-star like Dohad, Morshed Garden, Vali, and Lab e Khandaq traditional hotels.

There are also other great choices including luxurious hotels with traditional style settings and decorations like Malek-o-Tojjar Hotel which provides tourists with an all-inclusive royal accommodation with a surreal stay. For those who are more easygoing, Backpack Hostel will be another great choice. Describing the majesty of the traditional hotels is impossible indeed. One can only mention that they shine like a gem under the moonlit, starry sky of the desert land. Last but not least, is the knowledge that every visitor can gain while visiting the temple. Every visitor will learn sufficient information about the Zoroastrian religion and the rich history behind it. In addition to the explanations, the museum that is located in the temple reflects the significance of fire in this religion which signifies the truth as a symbol of God.

Filband Village

 

Filband village and its famous cloud forest is located 240 kilometers from Tehran, towards Amol city in Mazandaran province, in the north of Iran. This attractive, intact nature is situated in the rural area of Khoshrood in Babol City. That is why it is called Babol Filband, or the Filband of the North. To reach Filband, you need to start from Hazar main road. Near the south part of the road, you can turn eastward and you will see the green sign that reads “ Filband Village”.

 

This village is the last village of the Chelaav wood rural area that attracts the attention of many tourists every year because of its unique phenomenon that is called cloud ocean. This village is located at an altitude which is why it is always extremely foggy, full of loads of clouds and a high degree of moisture. It is always relatively cold and looks like a piece of cloud itself. Its weather is changing, and it’s rainy during the fall and the spring which makes it very pleasing for tourists. Surprisingly, during the summer seasons, at night times, it becomes very cold and you need a heater or have some blankets beside you. 

 

Early in the fall, it gets colder with more rain. The local denizens usually move to warmer provinces nearby. It is not at all predictable to find out what the weather will look like in the coming hours. Moreover, the weather is so odd as you might expect cold weather in the peak of summer. Now, you may ask, what would be the most suitable time to visit this beautiful place? Normally, summertime is the best time for Filband to visit. The first six months of the year, the village is practically haunted, but during summertime, it is incredibly crowded 24 hours of the day, especially on the weekend. Because of this, it is better to visit this beautiful village in the middle of the week to enjoy its beauty. The price of accommodation is also cheaper on weekdays. 

 

Although summertime is the ideal time for visiting this village, the spring season also is practical and pleasing. Even at the end of the fall, the weather is acceptable and it is possible to go there. Still, we need to remember that Filband is a four-season village with unpredictable weather. Compared to other villages of Mazandaran province in the North of Iran, Filband is not intolerably humid and hot. So, because of its unique characteristics, summertime is perfect. 

 

Now that we know what the weather looks like, in Filband, the second concern is definitely where to live. There is no hotel or specific accommodation in Filband. You can rent summer houses from the locals. But bear in mind that you need to look for it and manage its booking in advance as it would be very crowded and risky for you to get one. Camping in nature is another option visitors have if they cannot find a place to stay. It is very important to have warm clothes as the weather is unpredictable indeed. In addition to renting houses, cottages, or camping out in nature, there is a ritual hall where you can rent rooms. The facilities here are limited and are very traditional in style like shared bathrooms and kitchen. As the infrastructure is very primitive, the tourists need to consume water and electricity as it might end in a power outage. 

 

As mentioned earlier, Filband is a village among the clouds. The altitude, the mountains, the trees, the greenery, and its unique, intact nature make this village sound outstanding. The other unique feature of this village is that it has many summer houses for rent. The traditional style of such houses adds to the pleasure of your visit. You would feel like you were spending your time decades ago. If you prefer camping out, please take care of nature as it is likely to hurt nature or put it easily into fire. 

 

You can easily find basic facilities like tap running water, restaurants and supermarkets. To experience its unique tastes, you need to try its pickles and dairies. The dishes that are homemade by locals are also the ones that you must try. The tastes of Filband dishes are unique and different from other villages and cities of the provinces of the North. Warm clothes and a raincoat are really necessary in every season. A comfortable pair of sports shoes is really necessary as it is a mountain place with slopes. 

 

You might think that Filband is the same in every spot of it. But it has different interesting tourist spots that every tourist would like to visit. Endwar Peak is the unique beauty of Filband. Although its edges could be dangerous, if you are careful enough cautious, you can enjoy it. The very area has several eye-catching sites like Steam Mountains, Big Hat area, Pomegranate Plain, and other alluring spots that are worth seeing. Chelav Woods is one of the oldest jungles in the world and is part of the Hirkaani Woods.

 

It is really like a dream with an amazing rush, Oak, and other types of trees that create an unbelievable scene like Science fiction. “Gavbanki” or “Googoor” is another specific phenomenon that refers to the season when the deer mate. Eye-witnessing this unique scene is unbelievable and of course, needs the accompaniment of a forster. Laar fountain is another spectacular view of Filband village that is of healing power. The minerals that are in the water fountain are so influential for the bones. Sangchaal village is another surreal spot of Filband village which is like a painting with the green earth and the chocolate brown wooden cottages that are wonderful in contrast. Local denizens of this village wear beautifully happy colors and have specific gatherings that are indeed attractive for every visitor.

 

Wish you a memorable stay in the breathtaking beauty of the imaginary land of Filband.

 

Tehran Grand Bazaar

Tehran Grand Bazaar is situated in the south corner of Tehran’s Centre and can be listed as one of the largest bazaars in the world in its type. This multifunctional bazaar includes guest houses, mausoleums, mosques, and banks for business, shopping, tourism, and many other purposes. There are several passageways in this grand bazaar specific for various goods. It is easily accessible through different entrance doors. Although some of them are closed during the night times for the sake of security, most of them are open and the visitors can reach their desired corridors easily from early in the morning till early in the evening. The central Metro of Tehran is a great spot to help visitors get there.

This grand bazaar has a long story behind its construction. It dates back to thousands of years ago. The surrounding alleys reflect the old, antique history of Iran’s culture, civilization, and art. One can look at its architecture and face the abundant Persian talents applied in its construction including domes, courtyards, and the beautiful arches together with the alluring designs of the ceilings. The classic forms used in the architecture of Tehran Grand Bazaar like the circles, and squares are reminiscent of the Persian themes of perfection and balance. The corridors are ten kilometers in length and the visitors can reach the bazaar from every corner of them.

The 4th century BC is the approximate time in history when the Tehran Grand Bazaar was constructed. When Iran was under the influence of Islamic culture during the 7th century, it became the hub of business that helped the bazaar flourish in economy and marketing aspects specifically during the Safavid era. The importance of the Tehran Grand Bazaar was so that because of its extension, variety of functions, and economic value it became well-known as a city itself. Later on, as Tehran city got developed both from the point of view of population and vastness, the Grand Bazaar was not referred to as a city anymore. Within this context, although modern business centers have emerged in the capital city of Tehran. Tehran Grand Bazaar is still considered to host valuable, key transactions that not only belong to Tehran but also target other cities in Iran. In a sense, one can claim that it is the heart of finance and business in Iran, highly important for the Iranian people and tourists.

The stores of Tehran Grand Bazaar host a variety of products such as Persian spices, copper stuffs, precious metals, gold, papers, Persian rugs, and fabrics of all types. Surprisingly, in addition to traditional goods, the visitors also find modern products far cheaper than elsewhere. The different sections of its building date back to 400 years ago when the main halls and passageways were built. However, instead of its antique heritage, the majority of its stores belong to the early modern period. Those that belong to traditional Iran and represent old age are mostly unified in form and style. From another side of the spectrum, the modern side of the bazaar is creatively different in style and shape, really reflecting the modern spirit and taste.

Fortunately, to maintain the grandeur of its classic origin, there have been several renovations and improvements. During the constitutional revolution, the Tehran Grand Bazaar gained significant importance, with many elite, rich individuals invested to build additional little bazaars and rows to it. However, during the famous Qajar king, Naser-Al-Din Shah, in the 19th century, gorgeous decorations were added to its traditional architecture. It was exactly the time when the Grand Bazaar of Tehran also became the center for activities concerning socio-political issues. The challenging parties considered the bazaar as a suitable place for their gatherings and meetings. The neighboring alleys have turned the district of the Grand Bazaar into a traditional tourist spot highly attractive for the twists and turns of the lanes that are traditionally roofed.

The ambiance of the area reminds the visitors of different periods that the Grand Bazaar has experienced so far from the Safavid up to the Pahlavi and to the present time. Even now, it is a real gallery of fragrances, colors, herbs, home furniture, nuts, and fresh fruits that take every visitor to the depth of the Iranian lifestyle and civilization. The labyrinthine structure of this surreal exhibition is enticing and makes every tourist impatiently head for shopping. Interestingly, the shopkeepers are very amiable and mingle with the tourists in an unbelievably friendly way that you won’t forget such hospitality in your trips everywhere around the world. The 100-year-old restaurants and traditional teahouses are amazingly wonderful for those who are interested in tasting Iranian cuisine and the Persian black tea served with fanciful Iranian sweets.

Sabze Meydan Square is the main entrance of Tehran Grand Bazaar with a very special situation exactly in front of The Golestan Palace. Here, is one of the most attractive places of the complex as the visitors would see the symbolic fruit juice of Iran that is pomegranate drink, together with all other Persian dried fruits. The second amazing spot is the holy shrine that is beautifully ornamented and is believed to be the tombstone of one of the family members of the great prophet of Islam. There is another beautiful place that is called Imam Mosque in the Grand Bazaar. The colorful tile works and the calm, peaceful yard are the two reasons every tourist would be attracted to take a rest and enjoy for a while.

So, come and buy the best Persian souvenirs in Iran, collected all in one place, in Tehran’s Grand Bazaar. Everything you might think of in the oldest bazaar of the Middle East and maybe in the world has lasted, as studies reveal, from about the 4th or 7th century till now. You might be even surprised here as you would be invited to sit in the chamber stores and drink hot tea with the sociable Iranian shopkeepers and find yourself in the middle of a mystical discussion.

Hasht Behesht Palace

 

Hasht Behest Palace, or The Palace of Eight Heavens, was constructed during the 17th century in Isfahan and has been called “The Most Beautiful Palace of the World” for a long time. The palace was built during the kingdom of Shah Soleiman in the Safavid era. The foreign travelers, who let to visit this palace wonderfully confessed that this is far more luxurious and illustrious that the grand European palaces. “ Hasht Behesht” in the Persian language word etymology, means the very entrance door to the heavens. The fame and beauty of this historical city, Isfahan, which owes a lot to the Safavid Empire, depends on the grandeur and charm of the palaces and gardens, Hasht Behesht is one of the most prominent. 

 

After nominating Isfahan as the capital of the Safavid Empire, King Abbass, the first Safavid Sultan, ordered the construction of a long avenue, named Four Garden Avenue, with several gardens. Unfortunately, nothing has been left from these gardens except those of Hasht Behesht (Eight Heaven) and Chehel Setoon (Forthy Column) gardens. It is amazing to know several historians believe that the name Hasht Behest, refers to the historical fact that King Soleiman from Safavid royal household considered the palace as the lodging place or Harem for his eight favorite wives.

 

During Qajar Period, this palace and its garden were dedicated to the First Lady, Iftikhar Al- Dulah, and during Pahlavi time, its function changed to a public park. It was exactly during this time that the Ministry of Archeology started to repair the building’s plastering works with the help of Italian and Iranian architects. The fame and glory of this palace are so universally known that the name has been mentioned several times in the books and poems of many travelers like that of Muhamad Tahir Nasrabadi. 

 

Hasht Behest Palace, which is also called the palace garden of the nightingales, is in the west wing of Four Garden Avenue (Chahar Baagh Avenue). In the very middle of the nightingale garden, Hasht Behest Palace has a two-story building, which has been erected at a height of two meters from the garden ground, built upon white Tabriz Marbles. The building is thirty meters high, having a great view of the garden. The guests can enter the garden from two staircases on the two main sides of the building. Up there, you’ll get to the grand patio, where two tall wooden columns majestically stand to create a legendary grandeur. 

 

There are alluring colorful plastering works done on these wooden pillars. The central core of the building had been constructed in four phases with a veranda northward. The grand ceiling is covered with unique vibrant plastering art called “Moqarnas” in Persian. There are four rooms in the four corners of the building with grandiose paintings. In the second story, there are decorative arches, patios, rooms, and artistically shaped windows that have added to the vivid attraction of the palace. This level leads the visitors to the corridors and chambers filled with dazzling ornaments. Surprisingly, there are a water-view and a fireplace in the rooms. The walls are all covered by artistic mirror works. 

 

 

If you just look at the high ceiling, you would see a gallery of mosaic and plastering works that are amazing. Wonderfully, they are mixed with golden artwork, colorful glasses, and mirrors. Looking carefully at the paintings, one of them shows the historical moment of Fath Ali Shah’s coronation scene with his sons. Although there are various decorations in different styles, there is a unique unity of fashion manifest in the building. Unfortunately, there is nothing left from the wooden fences, crystal frames, and colorful glassworks, but the mosaic works still exist in a variety of contents like the birds, and the hunting scenes. The building generally has four sides all different in design but unified in style. 

 

The very style of architecture is that of Persian flat garden palaces very similar to that of Ali Qapu and Chehel Setoon Palace. Looking at the palace building from the long shot, it sounds octagonal. This makes the building have four exterior sides. The main side is in front of the garden pool. In the center of the building hall, there is an octagonal basin amazingly built of white marble that is called “ the Pearl Marble Basin”. The basin has been carved artistically and water flows from the nooks and crannies of the carved holes like the pearls coming out of the shells. 

 

A reticulated ceiling that is covered with golden mosaics shines exactly on top of the octagonal marble basin on the floor. Persian lazuli mosaic pieces are lustrously glazed in between the orange background tiles. The depth of the dome part of the ceiling is harmoniously silvery white quite matched with the marble basin below. The surrounding area that is unequally planted is the favorite resort of the Isfahani people. The old pine trees are orderly in line with the central garden pool standing as royal canopies above the benches the visitors take shelter in. It is noteworthy to see how Sharden, the famous traveler has described Hasht Behesht Palace:

I have promised to describe Hasht Behesht Palace, from the so-called Nightingale Garden, in detail. This building is called Behesht or Heaven. And Heaven as they believe is the tenth level of the sky. That is why they can consider the palace as the gateway to Heavens. This structure is really like a labyrinth where you might confuse finding the right direction as the stairways are so hidden from your sight. Here, the frames are silvery and the glasses are of fine colorful crystals. 

 

Considering the decorations, no one can even imagine such mesmerizing glory. The mirror works are unique indeed. The rooms are eye-catching because of the bed linens and the royal mattresses which costs a lot. The blanket was made of Marten’s skin to keep the royal family warm enough during the winter. It has been said that the king himself had several of these. What a great honor for every Iranian that decades ago a European traveler had been surprised by merely looking at just one of the Persian wonderful arts in the heart of Persian culture and civilization, Isfahan. 

Taq-e-Bostan 

 

Taq-e-Bostan is a complex of Sasanid inscriptions and petroglyphs in the northwestern part of Kermanshah province in Iran. This vault has been constructed in the third century and does have invaluable historical and artistic importance. There are some pivotal historical scenes like the coronation of King Khosrow Parviz, Ardeshir the Second, Shapour the Second, and the Third that have been uniquely inscribed there. There are also a few petroglyphs (tablets) written in Pahlavi’s handwriting. The existence of the mountains and the springs has made Bostan Vault an attractive promenade that still exists in its climactic beauty.

Literary speaking, Bostan Vault, in Kurdish, means a vault made of stone. In historical sources, there are other names ascribed to this ancient place. During the Middle Ages, Hamdullah Mustawfi referred to this artistic monument as Shabdiz Arch. Anyhow, this complex has been constructed in the third century. During the Sasanid era, the kings ordered stone carving of their statues. At first, they chose Pasargad in Fars, as an appropriate site for this, but from Ardeshir the second onward, they considered Bostan Vault in Kermanshah, right on the way of The Silk Road. A green area with many natural springs that still exist the same way. The petroglyph of the Royal Hunting Ground belonging to the Taq-e-Bostan complex is the first stone panel in the world based on the painting principles. In this stone-carved artistic piece, Khosrow is seen on top of his horse, Shabdiz, as if this scene has been copied from a painting.

Amazingly, on the grand vault, there appear scenes of female musicians playing lyrics and wind instruments. On another side of the grand vault, there is another scene reflecting hug hunting as artistic and delicate as a painting panel. The embossed designs carved on Bostan Vault, have been evaluated carefully, and it was found that the colorful outfits of the horsemen have been made from golden strings incredibly woven together in accurate geometrical lozenge shapes. In the high hunting scene, the king wears an outfit with specific patterned designs of Simurghs on a background filled with symbolic circles. The outfits of the rowers also reveal dramatic patterns. In the side wall of the grand vault, the royal ornaments of the king’s outfit on the throne, are all dense golden roses. Similarly, the outfits of the guards and the elephant riders beautifully reflect the hand-sewn animalistic and floral ornaments.

The first embossed image of Taq-e-Bostan reflects the coronation scene of Ardeshir the second, on the small arch. On the right side of the small arch, a particular laundry scene has been carved on the stone vault showing Ardeshir the Second standing with his left hand on his sword, while taking a ribboned circle from Ormazd with his right hand. Simultaneously, Mitra, with a halo around her head, the sun god stands behind him. The scene also shows Julian, the famous Roman Emperor, being seen on the floor as the captive of the Persian king, Ardeshir. The scene reflects a clear manifestation of the king’s features.

This Sasanid king does have large eyes and protruding eyebrows. His beard is shown clearly in a wavy shape and his thick and bushy hair is on his shoulders. He wears an earring, a neckless, and a bracelet that are clearly shown in detail. His earrings do have a small hanging ball with a neckless made of a row of big marbles. Noteworthy to add that, the images of the Persian Arch Angel ( Amshaasband) and Humans are behind the king.

The most important scene carved on Taq-e-Bostan is the one that reflects the coronation backdrop of King Khosrow Parviz. This setting does have a rectangular deck that is seven meters wide. Exactly beside the entrance of the vault, there are stone figures of the winged angels, a tree of life, hunting scenes, lagoons, seagulls, boats, and elephants that represent happy parties. Below the coronation scene, there is another carved figure of an armored soldier on a horse. In the coronation scene, the king stands in the middle, and Farwahar (the Persian Angel) stands beside him on the right side with a crown on his head. He bestows a godly coil to the king. Their outfits are nearly the same with corrugated pants that are fastened to their ankles with ribbons.

The small vault is between that of King Ardeshir and the grand arch. This scene shows the coronations of Shahpoor the second and the third. There are two figures and tablets above the arch’s wall. The tablets are in Pahlavi script with descriptive links about the kings. The eastern side of Bostan Vault, the eastern side of the arch walls, is the host of a natural spring that is close to the stone stairway with seventy-eight steps carved in the heart of the mountains. Above the area, one can also see a stone niche that is said to be hand-carved. About twelve years ago, still, another embossed figure was discovered in this area. This newly found image shows a figure with the hands upward towards the sky. An object is also seen in the hands. A few letters that look like Latin alphabets are also there below the image. Amazingly, close to the stone stairway beside the spring, there is another embossed form that is similar to that newly discovered one with the upward hands.

Recently, the complex is about to be added to the UNESCO World Heritage list. Moreover, a research center on the Sasanid era is about to be constructed in the historical site of The Taq-e-Bostan so that the national researchers could communicate with the international researchers working on the identity, features, and legacy of the Sasanid period. Surprisingly, it is also said that once it was a rug made of jewelry on the floor of Taq-e-Bostan, but during the Arab invasion it was divided among the Arab commanders as the booty.

Chehel Setoun Palace

A Jewel of Persian Garden and Architecture

Chehel Sotoun is a verdant Persian garden in Isfahan, Iran, and the Palace of Forty Columns is a shining example of Safavid-era architecture and one of Iran’s most magnificent royal structures. It was built in the 17th century during the reign of Shah Abbas II, This building is part of Isfahan’s grand heritage, a reflection of Persian artistic and architectural ingenuity. With its elegant columns, stunning frescoes, and intricate mirror work, Chehel Sotoun embodies the opulence of the Safavid dynasty and stands as a testament to their vision of Isfahan as the capital of the Persian Empire.

The palace is set within a sprawling Persian garden known for its harmonious integration of nature and architecture. Water channels, trees, and flowers form a paradise in the city’s heart. Here, we will explore the history, architecture, artistic significance, and cultural legacy of Chehel Sotoun Palace, providing insight into its grandeur and importance as one of Iran’s most cherished landmarks.

 

Historical Background

 

Chehel Sotoun Palace was constructed in 1647 under the patronage of Shah Abbas II, the seventh Safavid ruler of Persia. The Safavid dynasty (1501–1736) is credited with showing a golden age of Persian art, culture, and architecture, and Isfahan was at the center of this cultural renaissance. Shah Abbas I, the founder of Isfahan as the Safavid capital, laid the groundwork for the city’s transformation into one of the world’s most beautiful and well-planned cities. His successor, Shah Abbas II, continued this legacy by constructing monumental buildings and gardens, among which Chehel Sotoun holds a special place.

 

The palace was originally designed as a palace for royal receptions, banquets, and important state events. It was used to receive foreign dignitaries, ambassadors, and notable guests, making it a symbol of Safavid power and prestige. The name “Chehel Sotoun,” meaning “Forty Columns” in Persian, derives from the twenty slender wooden columns supporting the palace’s front veranda. When reflected in the long pool of water in front of the palace, the columns appear to double, giving the illusion of forty columns.

 

Chehel Sotoun is a royal palace and a celebration of Persian architectural and garden design, embodying the Safavid ideals of balance, harmony, and elegance. Over the centuries, the palace has survived various natural disasters, including fires, earthquakes, and invasions, and it has undergone multiple restorations to preserve its artistic and architectural splendor.

 

The Architecture of Chehel Sotoun

 

The architecture of Chehel Sotoun Palace is a masterpiece of Persian design, characterized by its harmonious proportions, elegant ornamentation, and seamless integration with the surrounding garden. The palace’s design follows the traditional principles of Persian architecture, emphasizing symmetry, geometry, and the use of open space.

 

 

The Grand Veranda and Forty Columns

 

One of the most iconic features of Chehel Sotoun is its grand veranda, which faces the garden and reflects the grandeur of the Safavid court. Twenty tall, slender wooden columns made from pine and plane trees support the veranda. These columns, with their intricately carved capitals, form the focal point of the palace’s entrance and create a sense of openness and lightness. The use of wood in the construction of the columns is a notable departure from the stone and brick commonly used in Persian architecture, adding to the unique character of the building. The number “forty” in the palace’s name, though not literal, is deeply symbolic in Persian culture, representing abundance and completeness. The reflection of the twenty columns in the pool, doubling the total to forty, is a poetic allusion to this cultural symbolism, creating an enchanting visual effect that enhances the overall experience of the building.

 

Mirror Work and Frescoes

 

Upon entering the palace, visitors are greeted by a dazzling array of mirror work (Ayeneh-Kari), and frescoes adorn the walls and ceilings. The use of mirror work, which involves the intricate arrangement of small mirror pieces to create reflective surfaces, is one of the defining features of Persian palatial architecture. In Chehel Sotoun, the mirror work is used to magnificent effect, covering the walls and ceilings of the central hall and creating a shimmering, luminous environment that reflects light in all directions. The frescoes in Chehel Sotoun are equally impressive, depicting scenes from Persian history, mythology, and court life. These paintings are a vivid portrayal of the grandeur and cultural sophistication of the Safavid court, showcasing events such as royal banquets, battles, and hunting scenes.

 

One of the most famous frescoes depicts the reception of the Mughal Emperor Humayun at the Safavid court, illustrating the importance of diplomatic relations between Persia and its neighboring empires. The frescoes also feature scenes from Persian epics, such as the Shahnameh (The Book of Kings), written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi. These scenes include heroic figures like Rostam, the legendary Persian warrior, engaged in battle and other mythological episodes. The combination of historical and mythological themes in the frescoes reflects the Safavid rulers’ desire to link their reign to Persia’s glorious past while reinforcing their contemporary political and cultural power.

 

The Central Hall and Reception Rooms

 

The central hall of Chehel Sotoun is the largest and most opulent space within the palace, serving as the main venue for royal receptions and state events. The hall is designed to impress with its high ceilings, expansive windows, and richly decorated walls. The hall’s ceiling is particularly noteworthy for its intricate wooden beams and mirror work, which create a sense of grandeur and majesty. The reception rooms that flank the central hall are smaller but no less elegant. These rooms were used for more intimate gatherings and meetings, and they are decorated with similar attention to detail, featuring frescoes, mirror work, and elaborate stucco designs. The windows of these rooms open onto the garden, allowing natural light to flood the interiors and providing stunning views of the surrounding landscape.

 

The Persian Garden

 

Chehel Sotoun Palace is set within a traditional Persian garden, an integral part of the overall design. The Persian garden, known as a chahar bagh, is based on the principle of creating a paradise on earth, with symmetrical layouts, flowing water, and lush greenery. The garden at Chehel Sotoun is divided into four quadrants by a series of water channels (qanats) and walkways, with the central pool as the focal point. The garden’s design reflects the importance of water in Persian culture, both as a practical necessity in the arid climate and as a symbol of life and abundance.

 

 The long pool in front of the palace is a decorative feature that cools the air and creates a microclimate within the garden. The sound of running water from the fountains and channels adds to the tranquil atmosphere, making the garden a perfect retreat from the heat and dust of the city. The trees and flowers in the garden are carefully chosen for their beauty and fragrance, with cypress, plane, and fruit trees providing shade and roses, jasmine, and other flowers adding color and perfume to the air. Integrating the palace with its garden is a hallmark of Persian architectural philosophy, emphasizing the harmony between nature and the built environment.

 

Cultural and Historical Significance

Chehel Sotoun Palace is an architectural masterpiece and a cultural icon that reflects the Safavid dynasty’s political, artistic, and diplomatic achievements. The palace served as a stage for some of the most important diplomatic events of the Safavid era, hosting foreign dignitaries and ambassadors from the Ottoman Empire, Mughal, India, and European nations. These receptions were not only displays of Persian hospitality but also opportunities for the Safavids to assert their power and influence on the world stage. The frescoes in the palace provide valuable insight into the cultural and political dynamics of the time, illustrating the Safavids’ efforts to establish themselves as a dominant force in the region while preserving their connection to Persia’s rich cultural heritage.

 

The scenes of royal banquets, battles, and diplomatic encounters are a visual record of the Safavid court’s opulence and sophistication. In addition to its historical significance, Chehel Sotoun Palace is an important example of the Persian architectural tradition, blending elements of Islamic, Persian, and Central Asian design. The palace’s use of mirror work, frescoes, and garden design influenced subsequent architectural developments in Iran and beyond, and it remains a source of inspiration for contemporary architects and artists.

 

Restoration and Preservation

 

Over the centuries, Chehel Sotoun Palace has faced numerous challenges, including fires, earthquakes, and the general wear and tear of time. However, thanks to extensive restoration efforts, the palace has been preserved as a cultural heritage site and continues to attract visitors worldwide. The restoration has focused on preserving the intricate frescoes, mirror work, and stucco decorations and maintaining the garden and water channels. The Iranian government and UNESCO have made significant efforts to protect the palace as part of Isfahan’s larger historical landscape, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.

Today, Chehel Sotoun Palace is a popular tourist destination, offering visitors a glimpse into the grandeur of the Safavid era and the architectural beauty of Persian design. The palace is also used for cultural events and exhibitions, ensuring it remains a vibrant part of Iran’s artistic life.

 

Conclusion

 

Chehel Sotoun Palace is a stunning example of Persian architectural brilliance, blending opulence, elegance, and harmony in a way that continues to captivate visitors centuries after its construction. As a symbol of Safavid power, culture, and diplomacy, the palace represents a golden era in Persian history, when art, architecture, and politics converged to create a legacy that endures to this day. The palace’s mirror work, frescoes, and garden design are testaments to the artistic achievements of the Safavid dynasty. At the same time, its role as a venue for royal receptions and diplomatic events highlights its importance as a center of political and cultural life. Today, Chehel Sotoun stands as a proud reminder of Iran’s rich heritage and continues to inspire admiration for the beauty and sophistication of Persian architecture.

 

Top Traditional Bazaars in Iran

In each of the historical and picturesque cities of Iran, magnificent and astonishing attractions can be the choice of any person who enjoys watching the historical remains. But anyone should not neglect to go to the traditional Bazaars of Iran, because the pleasure of walking in the Bazaars will enchant you with the old texture and the beauty of its architecture, as well as the variety of products. Traditional bazaars will be introduced in the following, each of which impresses its visitors according to its unique characteristics.

Tehran Grand Bazaar

Tehran Grand Bazaar is in the heart of the capital of Iran. It has a structure like a dreamy city. Strolling through each part of the bazaar is like a quick journey through history. Bazaars have a unique design and architecture and each of them backs to a special period. Despite the existence of many luxury shopping centers, traditional bazaars have significance in the state of affairs of buying that some people consider as the pillars that are the primary base for the improvement of the economy. The Tehran Grand Bazaar is divided into sections, each of which sells a certain item. Bin Al-Haramain Bazaar, Zargarha Bazaar, and Chaharsough Bazaar are some of the bazaars located in the Tehran Grand Bazaar.

Tajrish Bazaar, Tehran

Tajrish Bazaar is one of the traditional bazaars which has historic architecture. The bazaar has some parts that date back to the Qajar era in terms of antiquity. As the visitors stroll via the bazaar, they will be confronted with a lengthy brown brick passageway. The Tajrish Bazaar has a lively atmosphere created by the enticing aroma of spices and the sounds of shoppers asking questions about quality, price, and other topics. Never before have visitors experienced being in such an intriguing location with such a diverse range of goods. The bazaar is brimming with delectable and healthy food items, including exotic fruits, herbs and spices for cooking, etc. A very beautiful composition that resembles a painting is created by the juxtaposition of fruits and vegetables with their distinctive colors and the bright lights of the store.

Tabriz Grand Bazaar

The Grand Bazaar of Tabriz is the biggest covered brick bazaar in the world, covering an area of roughly one square kilometer. The largest covered bazaar in the world is in Tabriz, Iran. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and it sells many goods, including hand-woven carpets, leather goods like bags and shoes, and fabrics. Publicly available for purchase.

Kashan Bazaar

Kashan Grand Bazaar is one of the most magnificent traditional bazaars in Iran. One of the most intriguing components of Kashan Grand Bazaar is Amin al-Dawla Caravanserai, formerly a covered area for the sale of expensive goods. The earthquake caused some of this traditional bazaar’s components to be damaged, but it was rebuilt in the same manner as before.

Qeysarie Bazaar (Isfahan Grand Bazaar)

The Grand Bazaar’s entrance is the famed Qeysarie Gate, which is in Naqsh Jahan Square in Isfahan. Qeysarie Gate alongside Naqsh Jahan Square is a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The Grand Bazaar in Isfahan is one of the biggest and most well-known bazaars in the world. Hand-woven carpets and rugs with stunning and genuine Iranian patterns are among the premium materials found in this bazaar.

Vakil bazaar

Vakil Bazaar of Shiraz is one of the traditional and historical bazaars of Iran, placed in the heart of the historic region of Shiraz City. One of the places that was previously built during the Zandiyeh Dynasty is the Vakil Bazaar. Vakil Bazaar has an area known as Saraye Moshir, which is additionally famous as Saraye Golshan. This part was made by Abul Hasan Khan Moshir al-Mulk. The center of the octagonal Saraye Moshir structure is a pool, and all around it are orange trees, whose spring blossoms give Saraye Moshir beauty and an indescribable aroma. Persian handicrafts, such as rugs and Khatam Kari are plentiful in Saraye Moshir.

Ardabil Grand bazaar

The cross-shaped Ardabil Grand Bazaar is in the center of the city. The bazaar is partially illuminated by openings in the dome-shaped sections. The Ardabil bazaar once was a place for political and business transactions during the Safavid era. This bazaar is made up of a sub-bazaar called the Qaysarieh bazaar, a butcher’s bazaar, and a hat maker’s bazaar.

Bazaar of Saqqez

One of Iran’s most dazzling traditional bazaars is Saqqez. Between Qala market and Sarpache market, there are two sections of this bazaar. Saqqez Bazaar is made up of numerous smaller bazaars that are separated based on the goods they sell. These smaller bazaars are separated into the upper market where luxury goods are sold and the lower market where traditional goods are sold.

Bazaar of Borujerd

The Borujerd Grand Bazaar was once built during the Qajar era. Traditional products with incredibly beautiful designs, like copper dishes, are sold in the Borujerd bazaar. Treasured caravanserais like the Qeysarie and Vahdati caravanserais are found in the Grand Bazaar of Borujerd.

Sannandaj Bazaar

The Sanandaj bazaar is a historical bazaar that dates back more than four centuries. The brick and stone material that makes up this bazaar’s dome-shaped roof. There are three entrance gates to Sanandaj Bazaar. Its construction was based on the Safavid era’s architectural design. The bazaar is split into two sections: a northern and a southern one. The northern section is known as the Sanandaji Bazaar, and the southern portion is the Asef Bazaar.

Mashhad Grand Bazaar

The Razavi shrine’s eastern side is where you find the Mashhad bazaar. One of Mashhad City’s tourist attractions is the bazaar, which has a style of a traditional Iranian bazaar. The Reza bazaar in Mashhad appears to be an integrated bazaar at first, but it is made up of 6 separate bazaars. More than a thousand shops are placed on two floors of Reza Bazaar. Famous Mashhad mementos like turquoise, rings, and other ornamental stones are available in this bazaar.

Zanjan Province in Iran

About Zanjan Province

The province of Zanjan covers an area of around 39,370 sq. km. To the east of this province is the Hamadan province, to the west is the West Azarbaijan province and to the south is the province of Kurdestan. Besides, to the north of the province are the Ardabil provinces and East Azarbaijan. Zanjan province is located in the plateau northwest of central Iran. The townships of Zanjan, Abhar, Ijrud, Khoda Bandeh, Khoram Dareh, Tarom, and Mah Neshan are the constituents of this province. 

Zanjan province comprises of two regions-plain and mountainous. The former spanning various areas of the province, and the latter is the northern sector, enveloping many high peaks or summits. In the southern territory of Zanjan, there is an alluvial plain, to the north of this vast plain are the Soltanieh heights and to the south of which stand the Qeydar heights. These form the limits of the said plain. Many rivers are flowing in this province and the most important of which being the Qezel Ozan River.

Its capital is Zanjan City. In the region, Zanjan is famous for its seedless grapes. Manufactures include bricks, cement, milled rice, and carpets. Chromium, lead, and copper is mined. Zanjan is well known for its beautiful handcrafts such as knives, traditional sandals called Charugh and Malileh. Malileh is a handcraft made with silver wires. The artists of Zanjan make many things like decorative dishes and their special covers as well as silver jewelry. In ancient times, Zanjan was known for its stainless and sharp knives. But this tradition is gradually becoming extinct by the introduction of Chinese knives to the market which is cheaper and better made. Many villagers today are traditional carpet weavers. This is perhaps Zanjan’s most popular handcraft.

 

The Land of Salt Mummies

As mentioned above Zanjan Province is located in the northwest of Iran and is divided into mountainous and plain parts. The objects found in Cave Galijik suggest that the civilization of this province dates back to the Stone Age nearly 7000 years B.C. Geographical conditions, plenty of water, and fertile soil have made the province suitable for farming and husbandry. Most villages are of ancient origin and have interesting locations. Zanjan villages lie in plains, valleys, and foothills of the mountains and would catch the attention of any newcomer. The people of this land come from various ethnicities. Most people speak the Azari language. it is important to mention again that major handicrafts of the province include Charugh (A kind of local sandal) making, copper smiting, knife making, rug weaving, etc.

Soltaniyeh Dome

To the southwest of Kohan Dej, lies Soltaniyeh Dome, one of the structures of the Islamic era. This structure was built by the order of Sultan Mohammad Khuda Bandeh (Oljeitu) in nine years in 12th century A.D. Oljeitu and Ghazan Khan of the Il-Khan dynasty modeled this building after similar tombs in Iran. It is the third-largest brick structure in the world and the first largest one in Iran. It contains eight verandas and 50 rooms with a height of 50 meters.

Mausoleum of Chalabi Oghli

Just 500 meters to the southwest of Soltanieh Dome lies the tomb of Chalabi Oghli which was built in 12th-century CE. The complex contains a tomb and a temple. The location of graves differs from similar tombs as the Sultan is buried in the center and his followers are buried around it according to their hierarchical positions. 

 

Zanjan Congregational Mosque

Alternatively called Seyyed Mosque, the structure is located in one of the old districts of the city. The mosque was built in the 18th century and includes 4 verandas. 

 

Rakhtshur Khaneh Structure

Rakhtshur Khaneh meaning washhouse has been built in the center of the city in an area known as bara Jamal Choghuri. The structure was established 150 years ago by two masons Mashhadi Akbar and Mashahdi Esmaeil. The stones of the structure were carried from a stone mine in the village of Ajdarhatu. The structure includes two parts. The first part was the managerial and the second was the washhouse itself. 

 

Sojas Village

The village is located near the town of Khoda Bandeh, 17 km from the town of Gheydar in a plain. The village has a dry, cold climate and is divided into two halves by the Sojas river. The old congregational mosque, the mausoleum of Emamzadeh Ebrahim, and Hosseynieh tomb are among the most visited sites.

 

Kataleh Khur Cave of Garmab

The cave is located 140 km southwest of Zanjan near the village of Garmab, in the southern foothills of Mount Saghezlu. There are beautiful stalagmites and stalactites in different colors there. The skeleton of a four-feet animal which has changed into a calcite fossil has been found.

Dash Kassan Caves

These caves are located 10 km distance southeast of Soltanieh nearby Vir village. They are rectangular caves with a depth of 400 meters, the widths vary from 50 to 300 meters. Inside the main cave, there are 3 other caves with beautiful carvings of symmetric dragons with a length of 3.5 meters. On both sides, floral designs and Arabesques can be seen. They have been carved by Chinese artists who were brought to this land upon the order of Oljeitu, the Mongolian ruler of the time. Different works of art belonging to the Sassanid and Il-Khan periods have been discovered at the site.

Historical Attractions:

Soltaniyeh dome as one of the large brick shells of the world and one of the masterpieces of Il-Khan period architecture, Dash Kasan Caves, Alamdar and Sa’idabad hills in Abhar, Zolfaghari building, Shemiran, Sansizosity Castle, Golshan and Malek Caravansaries, Gheisariyeh, Haji Dadash, and Mirbaha traditional baths, Rakhtshuy Khaneh historical building, Marbaha Ad-Din, Sardar, and Haj Seyed Mohammad foundations in Zanjan. 

 

Cultural Attractions: 

Abhar and Ghorveh Friday-prayer Mosques, Zeid Ul-Kabir, Mohammad, Ebrahim, and Esma’il holy shrines in Abhar City, Sajas Friday-Prayer Mosque, Ghidar Nabi mausoleum in Khoda Bandeh City, Mirza’i, Gholamir, and Seyed Ebrahim holy shrine in Zanjan. 

 

Natural Attraction:

Garmab and Ghar Katleh hot springs in Khoda Bandeh city, Abdak, Arkoin, Angouran, Allah baghi, and Nigjeh springs and Anguran preserved Area in Zanjan.

 

Yazd Province in Iran

About Yazd Province

Yazd Province is another of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the hub of Iran country, and its administrative center is the city of Yazd. The province has been divided into ten counties: Abarkuh, Ardakan, Bafq, Behabad, Khatam, Mehriz, Meybod, Ashkezar, Taft, and Yazd County. The city of Yazd is the economic and administrative capital of the province and therefore the most heavily populated.

Yazd province is situated at an oasis where the Dasht-e Kavir desert and the Dasht-e Lut desert meet. The city itself is sometimes called “the bride of the Kavir” because of its location, in a valley between Shir Kuh, the tallest mountain in the region at 4,075 meters above sea level, and Kharaneq. The city proper is located 1,203 meters above sea level.

 

The Land of Air Ducts

Yazd Province is located in the center of Iran. Since Yazd is far from the sea and the humidity is low, the province has long hot summers and cold winters. It has poor vegetation and the only places with rich lawns are the foothills of Shirkuh Mountain. Kalmandan and Bahadoran are two nature reserves of the province that are the habitats to different species of animals like Iranian gazelles, rams, ibexes, mountain goats, leopards, hyenas, foxes, wolves, and birds like grouses, eagles, magpies, partridges, and bustard. The desert province enjoys favorable weather conditions only for half of the year, but the attractions of the desert-like clear sunny sky, starry nights, absolute silence, and alluring mirages have turned this province into a place of interest for tourists. 

The adherents of the three religions of Islam, Judaism, and Zartoshti (Zoroastrianism) have peaceful coexistence in Yazd. The most important ceremonies of Zoroastrianism include Mahaneh, Fasli, Noruz-e Jamshidi, Sadeh, etc. The major famous Jewish festival is the Pesach or Passover. The important handicrafts of the province include velvet weaving, Termeh weaving, coarse blanket weaving, straw mat weaving, blanket weaving, etc. y and weaving, blanket weaving, etc. The old city of Yazd as the biggest alive mudbrick city in the world was registered as a world heritage site in 2017.

 

 Friday Mosque of Yazd

This Mosque was founded in the twelfth century, the current structure dates to several building phases during the fourteenth century with significant addition during the fifteenth, and eighteenth or nineteenth centuries. The high barrel-vaulted iwan leads to an expansive domed sanctuary. Large rectangular winter prayer halls flank the sanctuary and Iwan, a layout that resembles the Sasanian triple-Iwan plan. The mosque is also significant for the early and substantial use of transverse vaulting in the rectangular winter prayer halls, a system that also has precedents in Sasanian structures. 

 

In the northwest prayer hall, the system is perfected, with narrow supporting arches and wide vaults pierced with fenestrated octagonal cupolas. The tile decoration is also noteworthy, although much is restoration. The dome is articulated with geometric decorative brickwork in turquoise and white on an unglazed buff field. Decorative brickwork laid in epigrams covers most wall surfaces within the sanctuary, above a turquoise tile dado with mosaic medallions that continues into the Iwan. The Mihrab is sheathed with naturalistic vegetal designs rendered in remarkable faience mosaic. The winter prayer halls are painted white, contrasting with the vibrant multi-colored sanctuary.

 

Yazd Air-ducts

One of the characteristics of architecture in the city of Yazd is designing houses with air ducts. The air ducts are made of bricks, plaster, and wood. They are made in houses for ventilating.

 

Dolat- Abad Garden

This garden which is one of the famous gardens of the Zand dynasty contains different buildings which were the settlement palaces of the rulers at the time. The Dolat Abad aqueduct supplies water to this garden. There are different kinds of trees like pines, grapes, pomegranate, etc. This is an interesting site to visit for its architecture, setting, and watering system.

 

Narenj Ghaleh Castle

Also called Narin Ghaleh, the castle is located on top of the Galin hill facing the city of Meybod. It is a five-story pre-Islamic castle made of mud and clay.

 

Zeyn Od-Din caravanserai

This caravanserai is located on the road of Yazd to Kerman at a 60 KM distance from Yazd city. This structure has been built t the same time as the Ganj Ali Khan bathhouse in Kerman. This is a round brick structure with five towers.

 

Amir Chakhmagh Mosque

The mosque which is one of the Timurid era structures was built at the order of Amir Jalal Ad-Din Chakhmagh, the ruler of Yazd in the 13th century CE.

 

Historical Attractions:

Ancient and important historical attractions in Yazd province include: Sageneh and Khargushi inns, caravanserais of Hose- Jafar, Valeh- Abad, and old houses are in the city of Ardakan. Ali-Abad caravanserai, old water storages, old castles of Eslamiyeh, Shavaz, and the old garden of Golshan are in the city of Taft. Great tower (Minaret) of Golshan, old citadel and mausoleum of Sepah Salar in the city of Tabass, castles of Khormirz and Saryazd in Mehreez. Water storage of Hassan Abad, castles of Barjin, Rokn Abad, and Narin are in Meybod. Old houses of Lary-Ha, Arabs, Rasolian, Hatters, Malek al-Tojjar, and Asadi, old water storages of Seyed, Sahra, six air vent holes (six Badgir), Khajeh, Golshan, and Rostam, old schools of Khan, Zia’ieyeh, Abolmo’ali, Domana, and Abdul-Rahim Khan, castles of Ibrahim Abad, Zarach and Aez Abad in Yazd.

 

Religious Attractions: 

The most important religious attractions in Yazd Province are the old mosques of Zirdeh, Haji Rajab, Zardak, Muhammad Hossein, Kharanegh, and the Jame’ Mosque in Ardakan. Old mosques of Shodeh, Islamiyah, Bida Khoyed, Tarazjan, Khaneghah (monastery) of Taft. The holy shrine of Tabas, the Jame’ Mosque, and Mehr Padin Mosque in Mehreez, holy shrines of Khadijeh Khatun in Meybod. The Jame’ Mosque, Mir Chomagh Mollah Isma’il, Zaviyeh, Sabat, Four Minaret (Mennar), Mausoleum, of Abu Jafar, Seyed Khalil, twelve Imams, Shah Reza, Seyed Gol Sorkh, Rokn Ad-Din, Shams Ad-Din, and holy Zoroastrian sites in the city of Yazd.

 

Natural Attraction:

The Most Amazing and beautiful natural attractions in Yazd Province are: Caves of Hamaneh, Ashkoft, and Abolghasem Rashti are in Ardakan. The caves of Frashah and B’ad Maesom are in Taft. Natural spring of Gharbalbiz, Gardens of Golkar, Akrami and Sarasiab are in Mehreez. Meybod old Glacier, Gardens of Dowlat Abad, Khan, Kolah Farangi, and Moshir are in Yazd.

West Azerbaijan Province in Iran

 

About West Azerbaijan

West Azerbaijan is located in the northwestern province of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The province has over 3 million people, excluding Lake Urmia, with an area of ​​37411 square kilometers. West Azerbaijan has common water and soil border with three foreign countries: Azerbaijan, Turkey, and Iraq. It is located just a few kilometers from the fourth country, Armenia, and in this respect, it is the most unique province of Iran. 

This picturesque province, backed by vast and long-standing historical and peoples of different religions, religions, and ethnicities, including Shiites, Sunnis, Assyrians, Armenians, Turks, and Kurds. It is a symbol of peaceful coexistence in Iran or even coexistence in the world. West Azerbaijan has three major garden products include apple, grape, peach. This province having worldwide recorded historical monuments, including Takht-e-Soleyman and Ghara Church, and being among the top 10 provinces in terms of historical and cultural monuments listed in the National Monuments List.

Land of Apple Gardens

In the northwest of Iran, there is a wonderful land with high mountains bordering Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, and Iraq. From the earliest times of history different tribes of Kurds, Azaris, Assyrians, and Armenians have been living peacefully in this part of the world. This is attested by various churches and fire temples that are extant in the region. The mountains of the province are connected to Ararat Mountain Range in eastern Turkey. These mountainous areas make some of the best resorts in Iran.

Lake Uremia, one of the saltiest lakes of the world, is located in the province and contains many islands which are the habitats of different kinds of local and migrating birds. The people of this province are famous for being hardworking and dignified. Most of them earn their livings through farming and husbandry. Apple gardens have bestowed a unique beauty to this province. The Azari music comes in as many diverse styles as the number of tribes living there. Different kinds of group dance are common among the Kurds and the Azari in which men and women dance together. The handicrafts of the province include carpet, rug, and drugget weaving and woodworks.

Hasanlu Ancient Hill 

The hill has a height of 20 meters and is located 12 km northeast of the town of Naghadeh. Based on archeological researches by Mr. Dyson, the civilization on this hill dates back to the 6th millennium BC. A temple, a gifting platform, and some rooms have been discovered and the most important object which has been found in Hasanlu is a dish that belongs to Mana tribes living 1300-800 BC.

Takht-e Soleyman 

This is one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Iran. It is located near the town of Takab on a hill 20 meters above the plain level. Around the structure, there is a thick wall made of stone and plaster which is 5 meters wide, 14 meters high, and 1200 meters long. The outer part of the wall is made of carved stones and there are 38 funnel-like defensive towers. Inside the castle, there is a lake, the palace of Sassanid King Khosro I, Abaghakhan Palace, and the Azargoshasb temple.

Inscriptions of King Shapur II 

Noruz garden is located in the east of the main square of Salmas town. In the west of this garden, there is a huge stone carving in the Pahlavi language (Middle Persian language). The inscription dates back to the time of King Shapur II and Narseh (Narses) of the Sassanid dynasty in the 3rd-century CE.

Bastam castle 

The ancient castle is located near Bastam Ghara Ziaad-Din village. It contains a temple, a bazaar, a government division, protecting walls, gates, and secret passages. Based on archeological evidence, the castle dates back to the 7th century BC.

Baghcheh Jugh palace 

This palace is located in a large garden with an area of 11 hectares in the town of Maku. The structure dates back to the Qajar era (19th century) and was built at the order of Eqbal os-Saltaneh Makuyi, the region’s ruler of the time. The architectural style is greatly influenced by Russian architecture. This palace has two floors with lots of rooms and a shingle roof. The interior decoration mainly consists of plaster and mirror work. The exterior decoration consists of flat stones with plaster statues. 

Ghara Kelisa 

Saint Taddeus Church is located in Ghara Kelisa village, in one of the regions of Maku town. The church is also the tomb of Saint Taddeus who came from Mesopotamia to the region in 43 A.D. to preach Christianity but was martyred at the hand of the king of Armenia in 66 A.D. The church consists of two white and black pants in a land area of 6285 square meters. The white dome is 24 meters high and the black one is 18.6 meters high. There are 24 abbeys around it with bas-reliefs of human faces, columns, and arches. A ceremony is held every year on the anniversary of Saint Tadi’s martyrdom. The structure was registered in UNESCO World Heritage List in 2008, along with other Armenian Monastic ensembles in Iran.

Lake Urmia 

This is the largest lake in Iran which is 130- 140 km long, 15-50 km wide, and 50-60 meters deep. The water in this lake is too salty for fish or other sea creatures except for a kind of mollusk called Artima. The water of this lake never freezes. Physicians were always aware of the therapeutic effect of Lake Urmia water on skin diseases which is owing to its high level of minerals. This lake also contains 102 large and small deserted islands which are natural habitats of local and migrating birds.

Salmas Waterfall 

This waterfall is located near the city of Sardasht. It is 10 meters high and the green surrounding valleys give it a unique beauty.

Historical Attractions:

Friday-Prayer Mosque of Orumiyeh, Neneh Maryam Church, Margioshouy Church, Kalimian Synagogue, Orumiyeh traditional bazaar, Kalleh Shin tablet, Ghalaichi hill, Takht-e Soleyman, Gharah Kelisa, virgin Mary Castle, Mausoleum of Shams Tabrizi, Matlab Khan Mosque, Bastam stronghold, Baghcheh Jugh Palace, Hameh Mosque of Mahabad, Gur Dakhmeh, Fakhrikah, Hasanlu hill, and so on.

Natural Attraction:

Followings are the main natural attractions of the West Azerbaijan province: Gharah Gol Wetland, Sahulan Cave, Sad Mahabad lake, Agh Gol, Esgh Abad, Gravn Spring of Sardasht, Shelmash, etc.